Queen Anne an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Queen Anne In any discussion of Queen Annes war, it is perhaps best to begin with an understanding of Queen Anne herself. In many ways, it is odd that she would ever have become queen at all. When Anne Stuart was born, her uncle Charles II was King of England. She was the second oldest of the kings nieces; her sister Mary was the eldest. When Charles II died without heirs, the throne passed to his brother James II. The politics of England were odd at that time and though her parents were Catholic, the bishops of England insisted that Mary and Anne be raised at Protestants, setting Anne at odds with her family over religion. Before their father took the throne of England, James married his eldest daughter off to William of Orange, a Dutch Protestant. Anne was married to Prince George of Denmark in a move many hoped would create an Anglo-Danish alliance against William and the Dutch. The marriage was arranged with assistance from King Louis XIV of France (Blthye, 1998). Need essay sample on "Queen Anne" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed As a fairly distant relative to the royal line and a sickly female child, Anne was not educated in the manner befitting someone who would become the monarch. She was educated in music and literature, but history, civil law and military theory were not among the things that she was taught. By most accounts, the marriage between Prince George and Princess Anne was a loving one and they conceived more than a dozen children but none survived. It is believed that Annes many long-standing illnesses and her bout with small pox as a young woman may have contributed to the weakness and deaths of her children (Blythe, 1998). After her sister married William, Anne and Mary grew distant and Mary even snubbed her little sister while they were in mourning for their father (Bucholz, 1991). James II tried to bring Catholic rule back to England and to rule without input from Parliament. For that, his daughters joined Parliament in opposing him in 1688 in the Glorious Revolution. The revolution changed Britain to a constitutional monarchy and made William and Mary is rulers (Blythe, 1998) Though William and Mary did not treat Anne well during their reign, she was named successor to the throne in 1702 when William died. In 1701, the English had agreed via treaty that if Anne died without heirs the throne of England would pass to the Hanover lineage, distant heirs to the throne in Germany. This angered some Scots who wanted the Stuart line to remain on the throne regardless of religion and thought that if and when Anne died, the throne should pass to her half brother James, another Stuart. To avoid further problems with the Scots, one of Annes first and most lasting acts as Queen was the Act of Union, uniting England and Scotland under one crown (Blythe, 1998). Anne would p rove to be the last Stuart on the throne and was the first married woman to serve as Queen of England. She had 17 pregnancies, including 12 miscarriages and none of her children lived to adulthood. Her husband, Prince George, was an alcohol with breathing troubles and the royal family often travelled to Bath in an attempt to heal their various ills. Queen Anne was treated with the finest medical treatments of the day, including bleeding and burning with flat irons in an attempt to heal her. The final years of her reign were marked by the extreme illness of the Queen (Blythe, 1998). When taking the throne of England, Anne had an axe to grind. The first queen born to an English mother and raised almost exclusively in Britain since Queen Elizabeth, she knew she had a lot to live up to. Additionally, Princess Anne had not been treated well by other royals and was looking forward to making those who had mistreated her, such as William and Mary, pay for their indiscretion (Bucholz, 1991). Though her sister and brother-in-law were dead, Anne desparately wanted the recognition they had failed to give her. So it was that the Queen, who many called weak-willed and easily led, determined after the death of Charles II in Spain that France and Spain, sworn enemies of the British Empire, should not be allowed to come together under a common royal lineage. Inter-marrying among the nobles of Europe was common at that time and those in line for the throne in both France and Spain could also in theory be an heir to the throne in the other country. This seems to be the most obvious goal of Queen Annes War, avoid allowing one ruler to rule the huge colonial powers of Spain and France. But dominance and colonization were also among the Queens goals. "In the War of the Spanish Succession and the ensuing negotiation of the several treaties signed at Utrecht on 11 April 1713, questions of trade and colonies were never far from the minds of French, British, and Dutch statesmen. Louis XIV himself went so far as to write in 1709 that the "object" of the war was "the trade of the Indies"." (Miquelon 2001) At the beginning of the war, Spain and France were the powerhouses in colonization, especially in the Americas. Queen Annes War helped to give the British a major foothold in Canada and also re-wrote the makeup of the Caribbean islands. Queen Anne decided that it was in her countrys best interest not to let the grandchildren of Louis XIV of France rule Spain and France under a united throne.. Allied with the Dutch, Anne determined that the war, in Europe known as the War of Spanish Succession, would not end with a united France and Spain. Whigs in Parliament were calling for the complete destruction of France and Queen Anne was among the most vocal supporters of the war effort (Bucholz, 1991). Almost as soon as the war was declared, the country was solidly behind its Queen and wanted nothing more than for her to crush their colonial rivals, Spain and France. In November, 1702, even graffiti artists expressed their support for the Queen and her war, writing, "As threatening Spain did to Eliza bow, So France and Spain shall do to Anna now" (Bucholz, 1991). Queen Annes objective in the war was quite simple: prevent the French and Spanish from becoming long-term allies. With the death of Charles II of Spain, it was clear that the intermingled royal blood of France and Spain had left numerous heirs with claims to both thrones. England and most of Britain feared the results of a unified France and Spain, because of their colonial dominance and their access to trade around the world. Charles II named his closest relative in the female line, the man who would become Phillip V, heir to the throne. The Hapsburgs in Austria disputed this line of ascension, largely because Phillip was also the grandson of the French King Louis XIV. ("The Treaties" 2002) If Charles Ii had reached back further in the royal lineage, he could have named one of the Austrian Hapsburgs as successor to the throne. Of course, the immediate effect of the war was an alliance of Spain and France, but by 1706, and again in 1709, the French were suing for peace and Britain simply wasnt listening. The queen also had other goals for the war. Louis XIV himself said the war was about trade and colonies (Rich, 1954). Her allies also had important goals. The Holy Roman Empire wanted the Hapsburgs to be named as the rightful heirs to the Spanish throne and Queen Anne wanted to make sure that no one would dispute the claim of the House of Hanover, the Protestants, as heirs to the British throne (Hill, 1973). She had no desire to see her half-brother, a Catholic on the throne of England. By the time the war was done, most of what Queen Anne wanted would come to true and her allies would be left with whatever leftovers the British happened to give them. One of the first provisions of the treaty, though it is not spelled out quite that way, is to name Anne the rightful Queen of Britain and to acknowledge her lineage as the rightful heirs to the throne. This is done via the wording of the first article of the treat in which the two declare, "That there be an universal perpetual peace, and a true and sincere friendship, between the most Serene and most Potent Princess Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and the most Serene and most Potent Prince Lewis XIV, the most Christian King, and their Heirs and Successors, as also the Kingdoms, States, and Subjects of both, as well without as within Europe;" ("Treaty" 2001). By acknowledging Queen Anne as the Queen of Britain and declaring a perpetual peace between the two nations, Louis XIV is giving credence to Anne Stuarts claim that the House of Hanover is the legitimate heirs to the British throne and is in essence saying that his country will not dispute her claim to the throne. For Anne, who had been maligned by the Catholic royalty of Europe this was an important concession of the treaty (Bucholz, 1991). For Queen Anne, the acknowledgement from her peers in Europe that she was the supreme monarch of the British empire was every bit as important as the concessions in the New World and other colonial regions. The Queen preferred rules and regulations to the merchants concerns of worldwide trade and colonization. In Articles 12 and 13 of the treaty, the French agree to grant Britain control of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but retained for France the right to fish in the waters near Newfoundland and to erect small drying huts there to process the fish ("Treaty" 2001). For Queen Anne, this was something of an unexpected boon; for the Whigs, this was a small portion of the debt that France should have to pay to be granted peace. The treaty further granted that Phillip V would indeed be acknowledged as the King of Spain, despite the objection of many of Britains allies. But to prevent a combining of France and Spain under one ruler ever, Phillip V had to renounce all claims for him and his descendants to the throne of France and Phillips family, the other grandsons of Louis XIV had to renounce all claims to the Spanish throne ("The Treaties" 2002). The series of treaties and renunciations of the end of the war is almost unheard of at other times in history. Emperor Karl IV had to renounce his claims to Spain and Spain have to cede territories to many of the Grand Alliance, including giving parts of Italy to Austria. In short, the in-breeding among European nobles had left several people with indirect claims to the throne of more than one country. The Austrians had hoped to instill one of their own as King in Spain, gaining more power in the colonization process and access to the sea. In a concession to France, and because the Queen did not care if the Austrians were satisfied or not, Louis XIVs grandson as allowed to take his place as the new King. But, the Queen did not want France and Spain to end up in the hands of a single ruler and did not want to offend Austria too much, so she added provisions for everyone to renounce their claims to everyone elses throne. The legality of this maneuver is still debated by those who believe descendants of Phillip V should have a claim to the French throne even though the monarchy no longer exists. Also important to the English queen, her war helped secure British control of the New World, striking back at the French foothold on North America and ushering in three decades of peace between Britain and France in Europe. The two countries divided and re-divided the colonies at a whim over the years and skirmishes were fought in the colonies during the 30-year peace, but both countries longed for and got peace in Europe. WORKS CITED Blythe, Richard. "Queen Anne Stuart" February, 1998. http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/anne.html July 6, 2007. Bucholz, R.O. "Nothing But Ceremony" Queen Anne and the Limitations of Royal Ritual, Journal of British Studies, July 1991, p. 288-323, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-9371%28199107%2930%3A3%3C288%3A%22BCQAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23>, July 5, 2007. Miquelon, Dale. "Envisioning the French Empire: Utrecht, 1711-1713" French Historical Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4. (Autumn, 2001). pp. 653-677 Rich, E. E. "The Hudsons Bay Company and the Treaty of Utrecht" Cambridge Histroical Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1954), pp. 183-203 "The Treaty of Utrecht", 2004. "The Treaties of Utrecht" , November 21, 2002.

Procedures of Termination Essays

  Procedures of Termination Essays   Procedures of Termination Essay Procedures of Termination Essay Employee job loss is part of a company-wide reorganization. You may think everyone is getting the same package, but that is rarely the case. Factors such as length of service and level in the organization are all considerations when assembling separation packages. If you dont ask you will never know what your employer might have been willing to give you.  If you are a member of a protected class (e.g., over the age of 40, women, minorities, etc.) you may have additional bargaining power. Employers would rather pay an additional few weeks of severance than risk going to court. Ask if your benefits can be extended.  Employee may be able to retain his employee benefits for a bit longer if his employer is willing to pay his job loss out over time. But before considering this option employee should check his local unemployment office before asking for this option as this could affect when he may be eligible for unemployment benefits.  Ask for a letter of reference.  The actual letters mean little to prospective employers. However, manager is less likely to say anything negative if he has provided you with a letter of reference. If employee is being fired then he may ask if he can resign  It is an uncomfortable situation for everyone when someone is fired. To preserve your employment record, ask your supervisor if you can resign. Most employers will gladly accept your offer to prevent conflict. If you take this route, be sure your employer agrees not to challenge your unemployment claim.  Government employees rights  If you are a government employee the employee can not fired you until he has a good reason to do this. Civil service laws protect local , state or federal government employees so employee must know his rights and he cannot be fired for ex ; if his boss wants to hire his brother instead of him . Employees with contracts  Workers with formal, written employment contracts can be let go only under a provision spelled out in the contract. Most union members have this kind of employment contract. Signed a contract and cannot be fired according to his contract.  Procedures of Termination of employment contract  Workers with formal, written employment contracts can be let go only under a provision spelled out in the contract. Most union members have this kind of employment contract. Signed a contract and cannot be fired according to his contract. A contract of employment may be terminated by mutual agreements, by frustration, by expiry, by dismal by the employer, or by notice given by the employer.  Mutual agreement  Termination by agreement may be effected either orally or in writing. It can take place at any time. It is difficult to demonstrate that the agreement to terminate was in fact on a mutual basis. If the employee later contends that they were given no choice but to consent to the ending of the employment which is resign or be dismissed then this will not be regarded as being by consent. Dissatisfaction  Frustration occurs when the performance of a contract of employment becomes impossible or is different from that what had been agreed between the parties at the time of entering to the contract and when the one party is unforeseen and available for event which has occurred without the fault or default of either party to the contract. For example where the subject becomes unlawful where a party to the contract becomes unavailable in unforeseen circumstances such as sentence of imprisonment and sometimes long term sickness are the cause of contract termination. Expiry  It may be assumed that the fixed term contract are expired at the end of period, it needs to be carefully consider the terms of contract it is crucial to keep in mind that non-renewal of a fixed term contract for whatever reason amounts to a dismissal for the purposes of unfair dismissal and redundancy and, as such, must be carried out fairly so as to avoid a claim for unfair dismissal. In addition, the legal dismissal procedure generally applies to the expiry of a fixed term contract (whereby the employee should be invited in writing to a formal meeting, the outcome should be confirmed in writing and the employee should bse advised of his/her right of appeal). Dismissal by the employer  There are five reasons for dismissing an employee.  1. Conduct  2. Capability  3. Redundancy  4. Some other substantial reasons  Resignation by the employee  As a result of dismissal by the employer, the employee may resign with or without notice. A failure to give notice is a breach of contract except where the employee is justified in resigning in response to repeatedly constructive dismissal by the employer. Reference Ian beard well, (2004) human resource management (4th ed), Financial Times, Prentice hall  Case studies  Nestle UK.  Astra Zeneca  Hackett (1991) human resource management (2nd Ed), Thomson  Arthur, D., the Employee Recruitment and Retention Handbook, AMACOM, 2001.

Find out What the MILF Acronym Means

Find out What the MILF Acronym Means Similar to a cougar but not exactly the same, the acronym MILF has been a part of our cultural lexicon since it popped up in the 1999 hit movie American Pie. It refers to a woman, specifically a mom, who becomes an object of sexual fantasy for her childrens teenaged friends. Or, to be blunt, a mother Id like to f***. FILFs and DILFs Yes, there are male equivalents to the MILF, but its interesting to note that what makes these dads sexy are their parenting skills. In other words, DILFs are attractive in part because of their nurturing qualities, not despite them. Cultural Origins Its impossible to pinpoint the first time MILF was used, but stories about the fantasy- and the reality- of young men having sexual relationships with older women have been played out time and again throughout popular culture. Aristophanes addressed the subject as early as B.C.E. 391 in his comedy, Women of the Assembly, in which the women of Athens take over the government and decree that no man can have sex with a young woman without first having sex with an elderly one. Nearly 2,000 years later, American writer Edith Wharton pens The Age of Innocence, a novel of the social stratifications that exist among the upper-crust denizens of Gilded Age New York City. Its major plot point centers on the love affair between young lawyer Newland Archer and his fiances cousin, the 30-year-old Countess Olenska, who at the time would have been considered an old maid. And we have countless films that tackle the topic, from The Graduate to Harold and Maude to Bull Durham. Cougar vs. MILF Many of the women in these books and movies could be referred to as cougars, a term that describes a woman over the age of about 35 who exhibits so-called predatory behavior toward men who are 10 or more years younger than they are. Unlike MILFs, cougars dont necessarily have children, and they are usually the ones doing the seducing. Implicit in the definition of a MILF is that she is primarily a fantasy. In addition, a MILF is not just any older woman, she is a mom, more specifically, a hot mom, a mother whose childrens friends find sexually attractive. American Pie Probably the first time that MILF achieved buzzword status was in the 1999 coming-of-age movie American Pie. In it, comedic actress Jennifer Coolidge plays the attractive mother of a teenage boy named Stifler. One of Stiflers rivals, Paul Finch, finds himself lusting after Stiflers mom, and although she plays her part for laughs, Coolidge infuses her performance with enough seductiveness that Stiflers mom became the prototypical MILF. The term was so ubiquitous that the band Fountains of Wayne were inspired to write a 2003 song riffing on the topic called Stacys Mom, complete with a video that borders on the scandalous. Congratulatory or Derogatory? By and large, in our culture, women are seen as vital only so long as they remain fertile. Once they enter menopause, many women are treated as invisible- and they begin to feel invisible as well. Which is why some women consider it a compliment to be called a MILF. After all, it confers a sense of prolonged youth, and the ability to still wield sexual power over men. But the term is also problematic. First of all, it qualifies the extent to which an older woman is considered attractive. In other words, you may look good, but you look good for an old hen- just dont go thinking youre still a spring chicken. More troubling, however, is the fact that the teenagers who find their friends mothers attractive are underage. Sure, one could argue, MILFs do not necessarily take advantage of their childrens friends. They are simply the objects of their fantasies. Yet, in American Pie, Stiflers mom does end up having sex with Paul Finch. Imagine if the roles were reversed and Stiflers mom was Stiflers dad- hed be arrested for statutory rape and branded a pedophile.

English Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English Law - Essay Example At the risk of gross oversimplification, one can identify the following strategic positions: (A) Practitioners: In this position are all the people who provide services to individuals and institutions who must orient their behaviour toward the law, providing information about the likely outcome of relationships, deals and conflicts that are legally regulated. (B) Law Appliers: These are the positions officially consecrated for making authoritative interpretations of legal norms in concrete situations. It includes not only judges but also arbitrators and administrative officials, among others. (D) Educators: Someone has to socialize entrants, bind the field together and encode its structural constraints. While primary socialization is the responsibility of the schools in almost all legal fields, socialization is a continuing process and workplace influences are often as important as educational ones. (E) Moral Regulators: Legal professions all have systems that police behaviour and ensure conformity of actors: These include formal mechanisms like accrediting bodies, disciplinary boards, promulgators of legal ethics; as well as workplace influences, informal social networks and the like. (ii) Stakes. ... (iii) Capitals. The players in the legal field deploy various forms of capital. These include economic capital, cultural or informational capital (educational credentials, technical knowledge) and social capital (status acquired both outside and inside the field). The main role players in legal professions in England are barristers and solicitors. Academic requirements for qualifications as a barrister now include a degree - though not necessarily a law degree. Traditionally barristers went to the university but commonly studied some subject other than law. In recent decades however, and especially since the Second World War, a law degree has increasingly become the normal mode of entry to the bar. Over eighty percent of those who enter the bar now possess a law degree. Those who do not obtain a law degree must garner one of the limited number of places in one of the courses run by the universities that give instruction for the Common Professional Examination (CPE) - a one year basic law course after the degree course. Limits on student places for those courses are a restriction on entry not controlled by the profession. In 1975, the bar made a degree a prerequisite for entry, except for a special (and tiny) category of mature entrants. This w as the first effective entry barrier to the bar. Students must obtain a satisfactory pass in each core' subject as well as overall. The vocational course for the practicing bar is run exclusively by the Inns of Court School of Law in London. This course is a prerequisite for practice at the English Bar not only in England, but also as an English barrister in any Member State of the European Community. (Those who intend to qualify as barristers, but not practice, may select a different

Global financing and exchange rate mechanisms Essay

Global financing and exchange rate mechanisms - Essay Example Big Mac was specifically under consideration because it was the only chain present in almost every country and have an affordable price, that can be dealt with an average income individual (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009). BIG MAC THEORY: Mc Donald’s best selling product is Big Mac. While hanging out with friends, or for lunch or dinner, people order mouth watering Big Mac with accessories. Big Mac Theory is a theory named to make this product, the most profiting product around the globe. The theory that stabilizes the Big Mac profit is the relationship between currencies, the United States Dollar (USD) with other foreign currencies at current exchange rates. Fed, an economist calls this exchange rate theory a game of achieving with currency rates. Big Mac theory tells us that the original exchange rate that is a nominal exchange rate was adjusted for the ratio of different prices to local prices that allows economists to compare the purchasing power of different currencies (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009). To make it clearer PPP Purchasing Power Parity of foreign currencies is measured by the use of Big Mac Theory. Local currency is used for price comparison and will convert it into USD. The country in which Big Mac price in terms of USD is supposedly be higher, it is considered to have an overvalue in comparison to U.S. dollars. Opposite to this if the estimated price in terms of USD is low then it is an undervalued currency. Globally it is considered to be a consistent price around the globe. This theory is referred as Purchasing Power Parity (Kennedy, 2006). Other then Purchasing Power Parity, many factors are there to put influence on the price of Big Mac. Factors other than PPP are labor cost, rent, and other surcharges, which later are added while fixing the final price but that only affects the local consumers and have no relation with McDonald’s head institution. If the exchange rates are allowed to fluctuate, the currency value will establish and ca n be factorized efficiently in these variables that allow investors to employ capital inflow efficiently. In short, Big Mac theory is about profits at exchange rates (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009). GLOBAL FINANCING OPERATIONS AND EXCHANGE RATE MECHANISMS: Global financing operations are for those institutions that work or invest on an international level and follow set standard regulations, opposed to institutions who work on regional or national level. To maintain these operations, IMF, World Bank, government agencies and ministries of finance design laws and rules through understanding and economic laws. McDonald’s is an international food chain and running its franchises all around the globe. It follows a law of one price that means that selling price is fixed in one currency and is sold at the same rate in any country at the exchange rate (Kennedy, 2006). Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) explains that purchasing power of Big Mac vary according to the price that comes out at exch ange rate. For example if Big Mac is sold at $2.5 in U.S., the rate of Big Mac in U.K will be ?2. It does not include tariff charges or carriers to keep cost neutral (Kotler & Armstrong, 2009). RISK MANAGEMENT: McDonald’s Big Mac is sold every day in different regions in different quantities. It very much depends upon the purchasing power

Musical Genre Classification of Audio Signals Essay Example for Free

Musical Genre Classification of Audio Signals Essay Musical genres are categorized by human. It depends on human hearing. There are common characteristics shared by categories. These characteristics are related to instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and harmonic content of the music. Currently many music is still classified by manually. Automated system for musical genre classification can assist or replace manual work for classifying musical genre. In this paper, the automatic classification of audio signals into hierarchy of musical genres is explored. Three feature sets for representing timbral texture, rhythmic content and pitch content are proposed. Also propose classification through two-times KNN classification method and show enhancement of accuracy. Using two-time KNN classification method increases accuracy about 5% than one-time ++++KNN classification which two-time KNN classification accuracy is 77.9% and one-time KNN classification accuracy is 73.3%. Index Terms – Music classification, feature extraction, wavelets, KNN classification Table of Contents I. II. Introduction Music Modeling Genre Segmentation III. Feature Extraction A. Timbral Texture Features i. ii. iii. iv. B. Spectral shape features Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) Texture window Low-Energy features Rhythmic Features C. Pitch Content Features IV. Classification V. Evaluation and Discussion VI. References I. Introduction Musical genres are categorized by human. It depends on human hearing. There are common characteristics shared by categories. These characteristics are related to instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and harmonic content of the music. Genre classification is magnified when music industry moved from CD to web. In web music is distributed in large amount so importance of genre classification is magnified. Currently many music is still classified by manually. Automated system for musical genre classification can assist or replace manual work for classifying musical genre. In era of web, it enabled to access large amount of all kinds of data such as music, movies, news and so on. Music database has been grown exponentially since first perceptual coders early in the 90’s. As database grows it demanded tools that can enable search, retrieve and handle large amount of data. Classifying musical genre was great tool for searching, retrieving and handling large music data base [1-3]. There are several more method such as music emotion classification [4], beat tracking [5], preference recommendation [6], and etc.. Musical genres classification (MGC) are created and used for categorized and describe music. Musical genre has no precise definitions or boundaries because it is categorized by human hearing. Musical genres classification are highly related to public marketing, historical and cultural factors. Different countries and organizations have different genre lists, and they even define the same genre with different definitions. So it is hard to define certain genres precisely. There is not an official specification of music genre until now. There are about 500 to 800 genres in music [7, 8]. Some researchers suggested the definition of musical genres classification [9]. After several attempt to define musical genres researchers figured out that it shares certain characteristics such as instrumentation, rhythmic structure, and pitch content. Genre hierarchies were created by human experts and they are currently used to classify music in the web. Auto MGC can provide automating classifying process and provide important component for complete music information. The most significant proposal to specifically deal with this task was released in 2002 [3]. S everal strategies dealing with related problems have been proposed in research areas. In this paper, automatic musical genre classification is proposed showed in Figure 1. For feature extraction, three sets of features for representing instrumentation (timberal), rhythmic content and pitch content are proposed. Figure 1 Automatic Musical Genre Classification II. Music Modeling Genre Segmentation An untrained and non-expert person can detect the genre of a song with accuracy of 72% by hearing three-second segmentation of the song [11]. However computer is not design like human brain so it can’t process MGC like human. Despite whole song may somehow influence the representativeness of feature, using whole song can extract most of features that music has. Also to extract short segment of music for automation system is unsuited for the purpose because difficulty of finding exact time of music that represents genre of music. Without research finding certain section of music representing its characteristic using whole song to modeling is proper way to MGC. There are too many music genres used in web [7, 8]. Classification genre has to be simplified and in this paper proposed genres which are popular used in MP3 players in the market. Figure 2 Taxonomy of Music Genre III. Feature Extraction Feature extraction is the process of computing numerical representation that can be used to characterize segment of audio and classify its genre. Digital music file contains data sampled from analog audio signal. It has huge data size compared to its actual information. Features are thus extracted from audio signal to obtain more meaningful information and reduce the over-loading processing. For feature extraction three sets of features for representing instrumentation (timberal), rhythmic content and pitch content will be used [3]. 1. Timbral Texture Features The features used to represent timbre texture are based on the features proposed in  speech recognition. The following specific features are usually used to represent timbre texture. â‘   Spectral shape features [1-3] Spectral shape features are computed directly from the power spectrum of an audio signal frame, describing the shape and characteristics of the power spectrum. The calculated features are based on the short time Fourier transform (STFT) and are calculated for every short-time frame of sound. There are several ways to extract feature with spectral shape feature. 1. Spectral centroid is centroid of the magnitude spectrum of STFT and its measure of spectral brightness.

Michael Moore: An Influential Filmmaker Essay -- Cinema

Michael Moore, an Academy Award-winning filmmaker is known for his highly controversial documentaries. He appeals to the newer generation, trying to educate people along with addressing our unresolved social issues in the United States. He gives incite to corrupt things that our government is involved in that citizens do not know about if they do not read or watch the news. Michael Moore proved to be a big-time influence through his work in the movie industry. His main message is to get people to stop following their government blindly, but rather speak out, ask questions, get involved, and most of all shows peoples power to be able change what needs to be changed. He proves being patriotic means taking responsibility and being informed about what’s happening in the media and all of Michael Moore’s films give the audience this. Time magazine named Michael Moore one of the World’s 100 most influential people. Through his Oscar and Emmy awards, he proves even a powerless author and producer with nothing more than a pen and a movie camera can make a tremendous difference. His documentary Bowling for Columbine reiterated that by a determination and persistence that not only him, but patriots can create change. He interviewed some of the surviving victims of the Columbine shootings along with Charlton Heston, the NRA president. He shows the gruesome effect of allowing guns and bullets to be so easily accessible. Kmart was his main destination and he took it upon himself by going right to the top of a major corporate food chain. The documentary was about how he was able to get them to stop selling bullets completely. Getting Kmart to stop selling bullets doesn’t mean that you’re going to prevent kids from going somewhere ... ...n in public, which many people are not courageous enough to do, and for that many respect him. Michael Moore proves that one man can make a difference. He is a great example of exercising our right to free speech and questioning the government. If something doesn’t seem right he is a spokesperson for finding out the truth. Michael was a small town boy who grew up to become one of the most influential documentary film makers of our time. Works Cited Bowling For Columbine. Dir. Michael Moore. 2002. Fahrenheit 911. Dir. Michael Moore. 2004. Penn, Sean. Time.com. 18 April 2005. 8 March 2012 . Sicko. Dir. Michael Moore. 2007. The Oprah Winfrey Show. Michael Moore's Sicko. 1 January 2006. 8 March 2012 .

Romanticism: Coleridge

More than anything else, Romanticism is a celebration of Self; and, to the Romantic composer, it was the expression of a personal experience that links one human being to another and all human beings to the larger truth. ‘ A multitude of modes and doctrines encapsulated the Romantic revolt, the basis of which lie within such tenets as imagination, individualism and idealism.This paved the way for Romantic composers such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsmith to convey an appreciation of personal experiences within the bounties of the natural world, as well s to celebrate one's comprehension of the inner self, in order to ultimately link individuals to one another and to the larger truth of life.Texts such as Coleridge This Lime Tree Bower my Prison and Frost at Midnight , as well as Wordsmith's I wandered lonely as a cloud (also known as ‘Daffodils') capture the myriad of newfound emotions and realizations which permeated the principles of Romanticism, and the h eightened value of one's sense of self and experiences which aided the association of humankind with the facets of nature, and each other. To the Romantics, the natural world was a sanctuary in which individuals were entitled the eight to self-expression and connection to the raw marrow of existence.In This Lime Tree Bower my Prison, Samuel Taylor Coleridge outlines how an appreciation of nature (a highly Romantic outlook) may result in a greater understanding of Self and connection to others, as well as to the universe and beyond. In his imaginative journey, Coleridge (1797) stimulates the reader's senses with his vivid description of the â€Å"roaring dell, redwood's, narrow, deep†. The onomatopoeic resonance of â€Å"roaring† is repeated to resemble the continual sound produced by the moving water, utilizing Coleridge detailed use of imagination to psychologically transport himself to the described site.From this, Coleridge is celebrating his newfound realization of self, that he is simply content with the fact that nature is all-surrounding, acting as liberation to the soul even on the darkest of days. Coleridge also celebrates the experience as a reflection to the connection he has with his companion Charles Lamb (to whom the poem is dedicated), as they both share the same passion for nature. Coleridge mentions that Charles â€Å"Struck with deep Joy may stand, as I have stood, Silent with swimming sense†¦The alliteration of ‘s' allows the audience to absorb the intoxication and great passion felt by both Charles and Coleridge, that ultimately, their shared interest in nature allowed them to become closer to not only one another- but to the Greater Power. Durra (1959, p. 519) outlines and supports the aforementioned presence of connection as he mentions â€Å"the poet's soul in Joyous communion with man, nature, and God,† implying that, indeed, Romantic notions encapsulate Coleridge celebration of Self and expression of ex periences which outline connections with others and the larger truth.Similarly, the power of Romantic attributes towards one's sense of Self and connections is deeply rooted within Coleridge Frost at Midnight (1798) whereby the serene appreciation of the natural world allowed the persona to emancipate his psyche from troublesome societal practices. The persona (presumably Coleridge) employs imagery to represent the school he attended as a prison: â€Å"l gazed upon the bars†¦ Awed by the stern preceptor's face†¦ So that he may portray his formal education as ineffectual, and that a lack of Romantic exposure to the natural world deprives the soul of enrichment ND identity. To his son, Coleridge wishes otherwise- an education amidst nature whereby he â€Å"shall wonder like a breeze. † This simile emphasizes the babe's future freedom in learning from the â€Å"Great Universal Teacher† (God), as Coleridge determines that â€Å"he shall McCollum thy spirit†¦ From this, it is clear that Coleridge is not only at ease and confidence with his son's future education, but with his own richness of faith and understanding of his place in life- his sense of Self- which is ultimately due to Coleridge later exposure to Romantic notions, as oppose to his early years. Furthermore, this reflection allowed Coleridge to strengthen his understanding of -and connection to- the greater world, as Sunders (1967, p. 34) states that â€Å". .. He very centre of Coleridge system is his belief that the imaginative mind is never static, and that its dislocation from time and space is really a mode of its essential union with all time and space. † Thus, Coleridge was aware that his imagination allowed for a closer connection and harmony to the components of time and space. It can hence be seen that the poems of Samuel Taylor Coleridge demonstrate that indeed, the Romantic Movement was vital for one's outward elaboration of self, and expression of experi ences which link humanity to one another and ultimately, to the larger truth.In addition, William Wordsmith (a Romantic composer) allowed for the expression of Self and connective experiences to become apparent in his works, such as his overtly Romantic poem I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (or ‘Daffodils'-1802). In congruency to Coleridge This Lime Tree Bower my Prison, the persona gains solace when in dismal times, simply upon recollecting the various beauties and bounties of nature in his mind's eye. In the opening lines, Wordsmith employs simile in description of his swift movement across the valley to be â€Å"†¦ s lonely as a cloud, that floats on high o'er vales and hills† the enjambment between these lines indicates Wordsmith's confident sense of self, that he is most aware of whom he would like to be, and is content and comfortable as such. Wordsmith Romantically personifies the daffodils as â€Å"Fluttering and dancing in the breeze†¦ Tossing their head s in sprightly dance† so as to portray them as an integral part of his comfort, having equal importance as positive human company for his connection to the larger truth of life and its natural features. Race (1990, p. 7) mentions in his commentary that â€Å"Wordsmith invites us to remember with him, imprisoned in our solitudes, the universal order of which we ourselves, the waves, the trees, the daffodils, and the stars, are all individual parts†¦ † And that the poem's Romantic essence places emphasis on â€Å"the relations of man and nature†¦ † From this, the audience may infer that this expression of connection and self-realization was only achieved by Wordsmith due to his Romantic reflection and appreciation. It can henceforth be concluded that, upon analysis of Coleridge This Lime Tree Bower my

Poverty and Children in the United States Essay

Although the world has made strides in technical development, social development issues remain a challenge not only to the developing world but also to the developed world. Poverty is one of the social issues that have been tackled by successive government with littler mitigation of the situation. Even in situation where the rate of poverty seems declining, there is always a quick shift of the goalpost and the gains made are quickly eroded with successive change of government or due to the changing environment condition. Even in developed countries like United States, poverty is a major challenge. The rate of poverty of poverty remains at double digit even with all the efforts to tackle the problem. Poverty has been confined to the low income segment of the society. Children are the most affected with a high percentage of poverty confined in children population. Due to their vulnerable nature, children have no option but to live with the current state of their life.   Consequent researches have proved that children under the age of 18 are more likely to be impoverished. At all time in our history the gap between the rich and the poor has been growing wide. Not that there are not effort to reduce this gap, but somehow the nature of our economies, free market and the role of the state remain unclear. To take a leaf from a popular book which was published in 1888 by Edward Bellamy, we have not reached the utopic situation that he had predicted in the book by 2000. He saw a society where class division were to be done away with, but our the gap between the rich and the poor is wide; where workers earn the same salary, but there is a big difference in our salary scale;   and a society where poverty would no longer exist, but our poverty levels are soaring all time high.   In his critical outlook at the 19teh century, Dr Lee failed to understand how wages were set at a state in which men and women would not be able to sustain the life of their children. He saw it as a conspiracy to deny children. (Reef, 2008) Poverty in the United States Poverty can be measured either as absolute or relative poverty. Absolute poverty can be defined as a situation where individuals lack all the basic needs for their survival.   This means that individuals lack the fundamental necessities for life like diet that meets their daily caloric and nutrient needs, shelter, clothing, safe drinking water, and others.  Ã‚   In the world those living under such condition are generally considered as poor. On the other hand relative poverty is a measure that is adopted which goes with the standard of living in the society.   In this case individuals may not lack basic necessities like in absolute poverty but compared with the standards of life of those living around they may be considered deprived of some basic wants.   As the standard of living in a country rises, individual life may be changing as well. Therefore poverty in the United States may be measured or a relative poverty base since even most of those who are considered poor do not lack the fundamental necessities of their life. (NCCP, 2008) In the United States, poverty is measured using the poverty line which has been set by the government.   This measure is set to assess how an individual access the basic goods and services which are usually taken for granted by  Ã‚   the society. however this   the threshold value for assessing poverty in the country is adjusted from time to time in line with the rate of inflation   mostly using consumer price index.   The measure for poverty used in the world and which has been adopted by the United Nations is two dollars a day. Individuals who live below the poverty line are those who live on less than two dollars a day. Poverty eradication has been an ongoing war in the United States.   However, it was in 1964 when President Lyndon Johnson officially declared a war on American social. This was war on domestic poverty which had rocked its all time high.   Since 1964 when this war was declared, there are hundreds of billions of dollars which have been spent in the war against poverty in the small and large American towns. The government has been providing free food, repaired all the dilapidated homes and furnished jobs for all those in need. Hearts and Minds (2007) show that despite the government efforts, there are millions of Americans who are still living under poverty. American has not won the war. Statistics taken in 1996 showed that there were more Americans living in poverty compared to the statistics taken in 1964. This clearly illustrate that the country social-wellbeing had been declining to its lowest levels in the last century. 1996 statistics showed that 13.8 percent of Americans were living in poverty and large percentages were in the borderline. However, it was very astonishing that 48 %of this population was children. The statistics also revealed that;  · More than 15 million children or roughly one out of every four children in united state lived below the official poverty line  · 22% of Americans   who were under the age of 18 years and approximately 25% under that age of 12 years were hungry or were at the risk facing hunger  · for every 2,660 children who were born in poverty, about 276 of them died from the same poverty  · Children and families in poverty were the fasted growing group of homeless individual making up to about 40%. Poverty in the United States has been changing with time and usually rhymes with the official measures taken to address the problem.   However, the official figures have been staggering at around 12 to 16% measured on the federal poverty line at any given time while for the last one decade, it is estimated that roughly 40 % of the population fall below the poverty line. The Bureau of Statistics has also revealed that about 58.5% Americans will spend at least one year of life in poverty or mostly between the age of 25 and 75. While the government continues to put more effort in fighting poverty, it is evident that United States has some of the highest official figures of poverty and the Human development Index ranks the country at the 12th position. This means that among the developed countries in the world, the country has the highest pre and post transfer poverty rates. Institute for Research on Poverty (2008) shows that despite these staggering figures of poverty, the distribution of poverty among the race, gender, and age is varying. Going with the age it is evident that individual below the age of 18 years are mostly affected by poverty for example, in the 2006 statistics the rate of poverty among the minors was the highest among the industrialized nations in the world.   Research reveled that 21.9 % of all the minors in the population were living under poverty. However, racial difference was also evident with about 30% of African Americans minors living below the poverty line.   Research has also shown that there is a higher rate of child poverty in the rural areas compared to the suburban and urban areas. Poverty and children As we have seen, children are most affected by poverty in the country. A large percentage of children especially those living in families with low income are languishing in relative poverty compared to how other children in their neighborhood are living. Research has been documented that children living in low income neighborhood famously referred to as the ghettos experience a high rate of poverty compared to children in well up neighborhoods. Hearts and Minds (2007) assert that for the last two decades, child poverty has been ranging between 10 and 20%.   Although there has been fluctuation and dispute of the official figures of child poverty, it is very clear that the figures have been on the upward trend.   During the 1990s, the official figures of poverty children declines slightly and the same decline was also recorded in welfare rolls. However, the hopes raised by this decline obscured three caveats:  · First the increase did not last and when we thought we had mad strides in 1990s, the figures started rising again from 2000.   The welfare safety net was also drastically reduced since 2000.  · Second, there has been an increase in severe poverty. This defines children who are living in families that live on less that half of the set federal line on poverty.  · Third, there are a very large number of children who are living below or near the poverty line, with a good percentage hanging on the border line. Currently   estimates show that this groups is roughly 37 % of American children that is composed of 42% American infant and toddlers, 58% American children, 62% of American Latino children According to the recent estimates, more than 13 million Americans children are living in families which have income far below the federal poverty level which is currently set at $20,650 every year for a family of four.   Between 2000 and 2006 it has been shown that the number of children living in poverty increased by about 11% despite the government effort to mitigate the situation. However, it has been argued that since poverty is measured as relative poverty in United States, this could be attributed to the increase in income in the upper segment of the population. Therefore, this figure may be reflecting a growing disparity in the distribution of income rather than an increase in the official figure of children living in poverty. Despite the argument about the validity of these figures, it is evident that there are more than 1.2 million more children living under the federal poverty threshold today compared to 2000. (NCCP, 2008) Fass and Cauthen (2007) stresses that these numbers are troubling, and they also tell us a part of the wide scale poverty situation in our country.   These figures tell us of a more flawed metric of economic hardship that our country is currently experiencing.   Research has proved that most families in the United States need twice more the federal poverty level threshold in order to make the ends met.   Again here we can see a very clear picture portraying how our official figures are not rhyming with the situation on the ground which tells of a growing disparity in the distribution of resources.   According to the federal threshold level for 2006, children who were living in families below this level which was roughly $41,000 for a family of four were regarded as low income.   More than 39% of children in the nation, about 28 million lived in low income families in 2006. What do these figures reflect? We can give different interpretation from the figures which we have reviewed so far. However, it is very clear that there is a growing rate of child poverty in America. As expressed by child advocacy groups this is a big concern to us especially when we consider that children will make our society tomorrow.   We have toiled to create a developed country and our fear is that we may be slowly slipping to a third world society if we have to continue with the trend. Furthermore the growing number of children living below the poverty line is a reflection of the trend in the large society. This clearly reflects the growing disparities in income distribution. As we saw with the disputed figures, it is evident that the main reason which we an attribute to the growing disparity in the official poverty rate figures shows a growing income in the upper segment of the society while the low income families have reduced their level of income or remained in the same statues.   This is a growing concern considered that fact that about 1% of the Americans currently earn twice as much as the 38% of the American in the bottom of the ladder. (NCCP, 2008) There is also a growing barrier to upward mobility.   This is manifested not only in the rising child poverty but also in the preclusive real estate and the rising rate of inflation. There is a growing cost of health care, energy, and others. Healthcare for children is a concern in the country with the No Child Left Behind program struggling to meet its objectives and provide affordable healthcare cost to American children. It is still estimated that there are more children in low income families who are not insured with any medical insurance, and who still fail to meet the entry criteria to No Child Left Behind program. Gussow (1994) estimate that about 13 million children in the united states still live in   homes with low access to food supply.   Researches have established a direct link between lack of enough food supply, malnutrition and poor health status among children. Although there are conflicting figures on the rate of malnutrition in the country, it is evident that children from the low income families have been experiencing one from of malnutrition or the other. While the prevailing data gives very little evidence of existence of extreme hunger, there is enough data to suggest that majority of American children living in poverty have deficient of one mineral or the other. (NCCP, 2008) Miller and Koreman (1994) shows that the situation is compounded by the fact that we have been caught up in double tragedy of malnutrition. While a good segment of American children are living in relative poverty, the upper segment is living in affluence with a high rate of lifestyle disease. However, data fails to distinguish between the two factors although it is evident that malnutrition problems like overweight and obesity are prevalent in both the affluent and the poor segment of the society. While some studies suggests that low income family children have a higher rate of overweight and obesity, other studies have shown contradicting results. Whichever the case we have to understand that over nutrition or under nutrition both express a health challenge manifested in American children. Conclusion Despite the government effort to deal with poverty, child poverty in United States remains a challenge. The trend is worrying despite the efforts made we are slipping to a dangerous situation. The population of children living below the federal poverty line has been on the rise. It is time that the government realized that this is a problem we are facing and therefore come up with strategies to address it. The country need to take changes in the social system in order to address the plight of children well in providing of basic necessities. Some programs like No Child Left Behind need to be reviewed in order to accommodate more children. Unless we take the problem of our children as ours, the problem of child poverty will stay here with us.

Free Essays on UFOs

Argument: UFO’s The phenomenon UFO constitutes one of the topics more disputed of our times. Since in 1947 they were sighted for the first time by the civil pilot Kenneth Arnold near the mount Rainer, there are many persons of the entire world that assure to have seen UFO’s. There are people who declare to have seen them during the day, while others speak about the presence of strange lights in the midnight. Some they assure to have witnessed the landing of extraterrestrial ships and others, declare that they have been interviewed by extraterrestrials or that have been abdicated and carried on board of a ship in which they were submitted to rigorous scientific investigations. The public interest that awoke the UFO phenomenon prompted to the Air Force of the United States to undertake an exhaustive investigation directed by a special committee of the Columbia University. The conclusion to which the investigators arrived was negative, since they attributed the majority of the sightings to mental disorders or to "erroneous interpretations" of easily understandable phenomenon, for example, meteorological globes, meteorites, bands of birds or unusual reflections. But this investigation did not satisfy the public neither the most rigorous investigators. The report of the government affirmed that its main objective was to prevent the panic before the possibility of an extraterrestrial visit. On the other hand, there are documents that show that the Air Force diffused the rumor of the UFO’s to conceal the accidents of their own secret experimental ships. Though it is possible that many sightings are simple frauds, erroneous perceptions of natural phenomenon or screens that intend to hide you determined secret investigations, the certain thing nevertheless, is that numerous intelligent, mentally stable and even expert observers continue seeing them. Sufficient reports around this theme exist as to convince us that the deb... Free Essays on UFOs Free Essays on UFOs Argument: UFO’s The phenomenon UFO constitutes one of the topics more disputed of our times. Since in 1947 they were sighted for the first time by the civil pilot Kenneth Arnold near the mount Rainer, there are many persons of the entire world that assure to have seen UFO’s. There are people who declare to have seen them during the day, while others speak about the presence of strange lights in the midnight. Some they assure to have witnessed the landing of extraterrestrial ships and others, declare that they have been interviewed by extraterrestrials or that have been abdicated and carried on board of a ship in which they were submitted to rigorous scientific investigations. The public interest that awoke the UFO phenomenon prompted to the Air Force of the United States to undertake an exhaustive investigation directed by a special committee of the Columbia University. The conclusion to which the investigators arrived was negative, since they attributed the majority of the sightings to mental disorders or to "erroneous interpretations" of easily understandable phenomenon, for example, meteorological globes, meteorites, bands of birds or unusual reflections. But this investigation did not satisfy the public neither the most rigorous investigators. The report of the government affirmed that its main objective was to prevent the panic before the possibility of an extraterrestrial visit. On the other hand, there are documents that show that the Air Force diffused the rumor of the UFO’s to conceal the accidents of their own secret experimental ships. Though it is possible that many sightings are simple frauds, erroneous perceptions of natural phenomenon or screens that intend to hide you determined secret investigations, the certain thing nevertheless, is that numerous intelligent, mentally stable and even expert observers continue seeing them. Sufficient reports around this theme exist as to convince us that the deb...

A Study Of Symphony No. 5 In C Minor Op. 67 Of Ludwig Van Beethovens In Classical Musical Genre

A Study Of Symphony No. 5 In C Minor Op. 67 Of Ludwig Van Beethoven's In Classical Musical Genre Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 in C Minor Op. 67 is one of the most well-known and performed compositions in the classical genre. The symphony is used throughout pop culture worldwide and is often played at inaugural concerts for new orchestras. The classic four-note ‘fate motif’ is one of the most recognizable openings in the history of music and is featured prominently in a variety of contexts throughout the piece. Although this symphony was not as influential to listeners during the time period as to which Beethoven was alive, the 19th and 20th centuries popularized the piece and has been deemed to be the epitome of Beethoven’s musical style during the height of his musical career among composers, music directors, and musicians alike. The form and instrumentation of this piece are vastly different than pieces prior to the symphony as a performance of this work can range anywhere from 30-40 minutes in length. Not only did this piece further expand the length of the symphony, but the demands placed upon the musicians to which Beethoven composed in the music were so demanding and dense that a performance of this symphony was considered to be quite difficult to achieve in the early 19th century. The first movement is in C minor, is marked Allegro con Brio, and is in a traditional sonata form which was influenced from Beethoven’s teachers and mentors Haydn and Mozart. If one were to examine the score of this movement, one would notice the development section is expanded through the use of several key increasing the section in length and tension before returning to the recapitulation and coda of the movement. The second movement is in Ab major, is marked Andante con Moto, and is in a double variation form. This i s where two differing themes are presented and are played in alternation as they are presented in contrasting styles. A lengthy coda is also presented at the conclusion of this movement. The third movement is a Scherzo and trio, and is in a ternary form. This movement follows the classical tradition of a minuet and trio, but replaces the minuet with the faster, and newer in style Scherzo. There is no pause as the third movement transitions into the triumphant and heroic finale of the fifth symphony. This finale is in C major, the parallel major of the original key of the first movement. Upon hearing this, one could suggest that this minor to major tonality could represent some sort of internal struggle which the fate motif clearly emphasizes. The finale displays the conquering of this struggle as the movement ends in a brilliant fashion of stating the tonic resolution for the last eighty measures of the symphony. The instrumentation consists of piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, two cl arinets in Bb and C, two bassoons, contrabassoon, two horns in Eb and C, two trumpets, alto, tenor, and bass trombone, timpani in G and C, and strings. However, the piccolo, contrabassoon, and the three trombones are only used for the fourth movement signifying another new trend as most pieces did not feature these instruments during the time period. What makes the fifth symphony different from the third of Beethoven is that the third symphony was increasingly popular throughout Beethoven’s lifetime. The fifth achieved the fame it has today until later into the 19th century. However, although the third symphony is referenced as the ‘Heroic Symphony,’ some scholars of Beethoven’s works suggest that the fifth symphony is more heroic in style and form than the third as once again there seems to be some type of overarching representation of a battle or struggle which is endured then overcome with success. With this in mind, the fifth symphony could be more programmatic in thought leading to more emotional output in composition from Beethoven throughout his middle/late periods and for the several composers to which this symphony will influence in a further programmatic sense of mind.

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Law - Essay Example Further, company law largely interprets business law to the affected parties. Business just like any other discipline, which involves interaction between two or more parties, cannot be wholly exonerated from instances of conflicts (Emerson, 2009). Business law attempts to address diverse issues in a business. It enables swift and efficient enforcement of contracts. In addition, it ensures adequate legal protection to both private and personal property; it ensures clear framework and mechanisms for transferring and registering property. Furthermore, it also sees to it that intellectual property get due protection and enforcement. Business law ensures stability and the existence of a framework able to accommodate the management, operations, and establishment of companies. Company law puts in place a legal framework on how companies operate. It handles issues such as company formation, regulations in terms of limiting liability of members and general company’s functions and perfo rmance. Company law protects both investors and the public in their daily business transactions. Investment law offers grant to some businesses irrespective of their legal form. It also contains regulations in respect to transfer of shares in the Capital market. The company law foresees functions and the capacity of an individual since this is very essential during company formation (Kenneth & Clarkson, 2010). Corporate personality implies that as far as the company law is concerned, the personality of a company exist differently from its owners. Therefore, the state recognizes that certain business or firms contain legal personality. As a result, the company has the legal right to sue an individual or be sued in its property, name or be held accountable for its debts. It is this idea that allows limited liability for company shareholders to take place because the debt does not belong to them but to the company. Limited liability is the rational aftermath of the existence of separat e or dual personality. However, just like people in some cases can have limits placed on their legal personality, so as a firm or an organization can have legal personality with no restricted liability if that is the way it is granted by the law. Therefore, it is vital to note that a firm can be formed with no restrictions or in absence of limited liability. The rationale of the ideas of corporate personality and limited liability were well presented in the case of Salomon v Salomon & Co. Ltd in the year 1897. In this case, Salomon conducted his business as leather trader. In the year 1892, he formed his firm or company which he called Salomon& Co. Ltd. Salomon, his five children and wife each had one share in the newly formed company (Hannigan, 2009). Therefore, the family members were forced to hold shares on behalf of Salomon because the policy at that time required that for any company to be registered there must be at least seven shareholders. The Company bought the sole operat ion of leather business, which was valued at E 39,000.00. This showed Salomon determination for success in the leather business. Salomon paid E 10,000.00 in form of debentures for the assets of the company. He decided to pay in debentures so that he could be a secured creditor. Salomon offered a charge over the assets of the company at E 20,000.00 in E 1 per share and E 9,000 in cash.